Everything about Pontic-caspian Steppe totally explained
The term
Pontic-Caspian steppe summarizes the vast
steppelands stretching from north of the
Black Sea as far as the east of the
Caspian Sea, from central
Ukraine across the
Southern and
Volga Federal Districts of
Russia to western
Kazakhstan, forming part of the larger
Eurasian steppe, adjacent to the
Kazakh steppe to the east.
The area corresponds to
Scythia and
Sarmatia of
Classical antiquity.
The term
Ponto-Caspian region is used in
biogeography for plants and animals of these steppes, and animals from the Black, Caspian and
Azov seas.
Geography and ecology
The Pontic steppe covers an area of 994,000 square kilometers (383,800 square miles), extending from eastern
Romania across southern
Moldova,
Ukraine,
Russia and northwestern
Kazahkstan to the
Ural Mountains. The Pontic steppe is bounded by the
East European forest steppe to the north, a transitional zone of mixed grasslands and
temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. To the south, the Pontic steppe extends to the Black Sea, excepting the Crimean and western Caucasus mountains' border with the sea, where the
Crimean Submediterranean forest complex defines the southern edge of the steppes. The steppe extends to the western shore of the Caspian Sea in the
Dagestan region of Russia, but the drier
Caspian lowland desert lies between the Pontic steppe and the northwestern and northern shores of the Caspian. The
Kazakh Steppe bounds the Pontic steppe on the southeast.
The Ponto-Caspian seas are the remains of the
Turgai Sea, an extension of the
Paratethys which extended south and east of the Urals and covering much of today's
West Siberian Plain in the
Mesozoic and
Cenozoic.
Prehistoric cultures
Historical nations
Indo-Iranians/Aryans 20th-15th c. BC
Cimmerians 8th-7th c. BC
Scythians 8th-4th c. BC
Sarmatians 5th c. BC to 5th c. AD
Goths 3rd-6th c.
Bulgars 3rd-6th c.
Huns 4th-8th c.
Alans 5th-11th c. AD
Eurasian Avars 6th-8th c.
Göktürks 6th-8th c.
Onogurs 8th c.
Sabirs 6th-8th c.
Khazars 6th-11th c.
Pechenegs 8th-11th c.
Kipchaks and Cumans 11th-13th c.
Golden Horde 13th-15th c.
Cossacks 14th-18th c.
Crimean Khanate, Volga Tatars, Nogais and other Turkic states and tribes 15th-18th c.
Russian Empire 18th-20th c.
Soviet Union 20th c.
Moldova, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Ukraine 20th c.-presentFurther Information
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